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[hɛ́ ʔxʷ námʔos kʷ qáymixʷ sχʷóχʷoɬ] hi it’s it.is ʔ‿ xʷ‿ nam-ʔu-s ᴄʟғ‿ ɴᴏᴍ‿ similar-ᴘᴀsᴛ-3ᴘᴏss how.they.were kʷ‿ qaymixʷ ᴅᴇᴛ‿ Native.person Native.Person sx̣ʷux̣ʷuɬ long.time.ago long.time.ago ‘That’s the way how people were a long time ago.’

[ʔɑ́ʔɑyšɬɑ̀wʋm kʷut ʔúˑkʼʷ čɛ́nʌs] ʔa-ʔayš-ɬaw-əm ‿kʷut ɪᴍᴘғ-exchange-food-ᴍᴅʟ ‿ᴄʟᴛ exchanging.food ʔuwkʼʷ all everywhere čanas somewhere ‘Exchanging food everywhere.’

[ʔóšt mʌ́ʔmiːt tʌ qégʌθ] ʔut ‿št if ‿1ᴘʟ.ɪɴᴅᴄ.sʙᴊ if ‿we maʔ-ʔəm-iyt obtain-ᴀ.ɪɴᴛʀ-ᴘᴇʀғ get.something (ʔə‿) tə‿ qigaθ ᴏʙʟ‿ ᴅᴇᴛ‿ deer the‿ deer ‘If we got a deer’

[hɑ́ˑhʌs ʔéʔɑ́mɩ̀š tə tə́mtuˑmɩš] hu-h-as go-ᴇᴘᴇɴ.3ᴄɴᴊ.sʙᴊ they.would.go ʔiʔamiš hunt hunt tə‿ təm-tumiš ᴅᴇᴛ‿ ᴘʟ-man the‿ men ‘when the men go hunting,’

[qʷʋ́lʼ hɛwtùxʷʌs ʔiˑ ʔɑ́ːθɑtɑ̀s gʌ tə ʔúˑkʼʷ gʌ̀tʌs] qʷəlʼ come come hiwt-əxʷ-as home-ɴᴛʀ-3ᴇʀɢ they.bring.home ʔiy and and ʔaθ-a-t-as ‿ga give-ʟᴠ-ᴄᴛʀ-3ᴇʀɢ ‿ᴍᴛɢ the.give.(it).out.to.them tə‿ ʔuwkʼʷ ᴅᴇᴛ‿ all the‿all gət-as who-3CNJ.SBJ someone ‘They would bring it home and they distribute it to everybody.’

[ʔúˑkʼʷ gʌt θoˑ χʌ́nχʌ̀nɑtəm] ʔuwkʼʷ all all gət who who θu go go x̣ən-x̣ənat(-t)-əm ᴘʟ-give-ᴄᴛʀ-ᴘᴀss they.are.given ‘They gave it to everybody.’

[ʔɑ́ˑθɑˑtə̀m] ʔaθ-a-t-əm give-ʟᴠ-ᴄᴛʀ-ᴘᴀss they.are.given ‘They gave it out.’

[tóχʷnexʷʌs ʔot tʌ́səm ʔʋt kʷxʷ mɑ́ʔmiːt͡s tɑ́nʼ ʔɑǰù ʔʌ kʷ nɑ́ʔs qégʌθ] təx̣ʷ-n<i>xʷ-as ‿ʔut know-ɴᴛʀ<sᴛᴠ>-3ᴇʀɢ ‿ᴄʟᴛ they.know.it təs ‿səm ‿ʔut reach ‿ғᴜᴛ ‿ᴄʟᴛ it.will.reach.to kʷ‿ xʷ‿ ma-ʔəm-iyt-s ᴅᴇᴛ‿ ɴᴏᴍ‿ obtain-ᴀ.ɪɴᴛʀ-ᴘᴇʀғ-3ᴘᴏss the.time.when.he.gets tanʼ ‿ʔaǰu ᴅᴇᴍ ‿ᴄʟᴛ that ʔə‿ kʷ‿ naʔ-s ᴏʙʟ‿ ᴅᴇᴛ‿ possess-3ᴘᴏss it.is.his qigaθ deer deer ‘People knew when it was time for them (the hunters) to go hunting for deer.’

[ʔi qʷʋ́lʼsəm χʌ́nɑtùwʋm ʔɑǰù] ʔiy and and qʷəlʼ ‿səm come ‿ғᴜᴛ come‿they.will x̣ənat(-t)-uw-əm ‿ʔaǰu give-ᴄᴛʀ-1ᴘʟ.ᴏʙᴊ-ᴘᴀss ‿ᴄʟᴛ it.is.given.to.us ‘And they would also give us their catch.’

[tʌ́gʌmùwəm səm qʷʋ́lʼ] təg-ə-muw-əm ‿səm return-ᴇᴘᴇɴ-1ᴘʟ.ᴏʙᴊ-ᴘᴀss ‿ғᴜᴛ it.is.returned.to.us‿will qʷəlʼ come come ‘They would return the favour.’

[xʷɑ́ʔ čɑmʼɑs ʔiˑ xʷúǰùmos št kʷ šinʼ kʷ tɑ́ˑmʌs nɑˑ ʔɛ́ɬtən] xʷaʔ ɴᴇɢ not čəmʼ-as why-3ᴄɴᴊ.sʙᴊ ʔiy and and xʷuǰ-um-us ‿št sell-ᴍᴅʟ-ᴀᴘᴘʟ ‿1ᴘʟ.ɪɴᴅᴄ.sʙᴊ sell.to.them‿we kʷ‿ šinʼ ᴅᴇᴛ‿ ᴅᴇᴍ that kʷ‿ tam-as ᴅᴇᴛ‿ what-3ᴄɴᴊ.sʙᴊ whatever naʔa ғɪʟʟᴇʀ (umm) ʔiɬtən food food ‘We never sold anything ... like food ... to anybody.’

[ɬʌ́χmot gʌ nɑ́ˑməxʷ kʷɑ́nʼ] ɬəx̣-mut bad-very it.is.very.bad ga‿ namʼ-axʷ if‿ similar-2sɢ.ᴄɴᴊ.sʙᴊ if.you.act.like kʷanʼ ᴅᴇᴍ that ‘It is not a very good thing for you to do,’

[xʷúxʷuǰuməxʷ kʷ tɑ́mʌs] xʷu-xʷuǰ-um-axʷ ɪᴍᴘғ-sell-ᴍᴅʟ-2sɢ.ᴄɴᴊ.sʙᴊ you.would.be.selling kʷ‿ tam-as ᴅᴇᴛ‿ what-3ᴄɴᴊ.sʙᴊ whatever ‘to sell things,’

[xʷúǰumos čxʷ θ ǰɛ́ʔɑˑǰɛ] xʷuǰ-um-us ‿čxʷ sell-ᴍᴅʟ-ᴀᴘᴘʟ‿2sɢ.ɪɴᴅᴄ.sʙᴊ sell.to.them‿you θ‿ ǰaʔaǰa 2sɢ.ᴘᴏss‿ relatives your‿relatives ‘to sell to your relatives,’

[xʷúǰumostʌxʷ (kʷ) θ tɑ́ˑčìːmɩxʷ] xʷuǰ-um-us-t-axʷ sell-ᴍᴅʟ-ᴀᴘᴘʟ-ᴄᴛʀ-2sɢ.ᴄɴᴊ.sʙᴊ you.would.sell.to.them (kʷ‿) θ‿ tačiymixʷ ᴅᴇᴛ‿2sɢ.ᴘᴏss‿ people.of.same.origin your.people ‘to sell to your people.’

[hóy tʌ θ θòˑ χʌ́nɑt] huy only it.is.just tə‿ θ‿ θu ᴅᴇᴛ‿2sɢ.ᴘᴏss‿ go that.you.go x̣ənat(-t) give-CTR give.them ‘You should just go and give it to them.’

[yɛ́ɬʌ čxʷ θó kʷ hɑ́yʼs qɑ́yəwmɩ̀xʷ tɑ́ʔɑ] yaɬ-a-t ‿čxʷ call-ʟᴠ-ᴄᴛʀ ‿2sɢ.ɪɴᴅᴄ.sʙᴊ call.him‿you θu go go kʷ‿ hayʼs ᴅᴇᴛ‿ respected the.respected qay<aw>mixʷ Native.person<ᴘʟ> Native.people taʔa ᴅᴇᴍ over.there ‘You should go and invite respected people’

[qʷʋ́lʌs ʔɛ́ɬtən tʌ θ ʔɑyɛ́ʔ] qʷəl-as come-3ᴄɴᴊ.sʙᴊ they.would.come ʔiɬtən food eat tə‿ θ‿ ʔayaʔ ᴅᴇᴛ‿ 2sɢ.ᴘᴏss‿ house your.house ‘to come and eat at your house.’

[gʌ mɑ́ʔmiːtʌxʷ kʷ tɑ́m ʔɛ́ɬtə̀nmòt] ga‿ maʔ-ʔəm-iyt-axʷ if‿ obtain-ᴀ.ɪɴᴛʀ-ᴘᴇʀғ-2sɢ.ᴄɴᴊ.sʙᴊ if.you.have.gotten kʷ‿ tam ᴅᴇᴛ‿ what whatever ʔiɬtən-mut food-very traditional.food ‘if you have caught some traditional food ...’

[qégʌθ] qigaθ deer deer ‘deer ...’

[ʔúˑkʼʷ tɑ̀m títɑčùmɩ̀xʷ] ʔuwkʼʷ all all tam what things titačumixʷ animal animal ‘all different kinds of animals.’

[pɑyɛ́ʔ χʷɑ́χʷɑhɑθɑ̀yʌʔmoɬ̀ tᶿ čúʔǰʋɬ] payaʔ always always x̣ʷa-x̣ʷah-a-θay-amʼ-uɬ ɪᴍᴘғ-tell-ʟᴠ-ᴄᴛʀ+1sɢ.ᴏʙᴊ-ᴘᴀss-ᴘᴀsᴛ I.was.told tᶿ‿ čuǰʼ-uɬ 1sɢ.ᴘᴏss‿ child-ᴘᴀsᴛ my.being.a.child.in.the.past ‘They always told me when I was a child:’

[hó gʌ yɛ́ɬʌt ɬoˑnɑ́ʔɑ tɑ́ʔɑ nɑ́θìyəm gʌ̀] hu ‿ga go ‿ɪᴍᴘ go yaɬ-a-t call-ʟᴠ-ᴄᴛʀ call.them ɬu‿ naʔa ᴅᴇᴛ‿ ғɪʟʟᴇʀ (umm) taʔa ᴅᴇᴍ over.there na-θay-əm ‿ga say-ᴄᴛʀ+1sɢ.ᴏʙᴊ-ᴘᴀss ‿ᴍᴛɢ I.was.told ‘“You go and call so-and-so over there,” they would say to me.’

[hó čxʷʋm yɛ́ɬɑt ɬo ʔɑ́nšiːl heyʼ ɬoˑ mɑšiːl] hu ‿čxʷəm go ‿2sɢ.ɪɴᴅᴄ.sʙᴊ+ғᴜᴛ go‿you.will yaɬ-a-t call-ʟᴠ-ᴄᴛʀ call.them ɬu‿ ʔanšiyl ᴅᴇᴛ‿ Ansheel with.others‿Ansheel hiyʼ and and ɬu‿ mašiyl ᴅᴇᴛ‿ Marshal with.others‿Marshal ‘“You will go and call Ansheel and Marshal and them.’

[ʔúˑkʼʷ ɬo nɑ́ʔɑ tɑ́ʔɑ] ʔuwkʼʷ all all ɬu‿ naʔa ᴅᴇᴛ‿ ғɪʟʟᴇʀ (umm) taʔa ᴅᴇᴍ over.there ‘All of them over there.”’

[nɑ́nˑɑgʌtəm gʌ̀] nan-ag-a-t-əm ‿ga name-ᴘʟ-ʟᴠ-ᴄᴛʀ-ᴘᴀss ‿ᴍᴛɢ they.are.being.named ‘She was naming them off—’

[qɑ́yəwmɩ̀xʷ nɛ́ʔ tɑ́ʔɑ θóhɛˑnʌs] qay<aw>mixʷ Native.person<ᴘʟ> Native.people niʔ be.there there.is taʔa ᴅᴇᴍ over.there θuhinas the.other.side.of.the.reserve the.other.side.of.the.reserve ‘the people at that end (on the other side of the reserve).’

[qʷʋ́lʼ səm tɛ́ʔɛ nɑ́ˑnɑtmèn] qʷəlʼ ‿səm come ‿ғᴜᴛ come‿they.will tiʔi here here nanatmin supper supper ‘They would come over here for dinner.’

[ʔíːmot tᶿ qʷɑ̀yigən] ʔəy-mut good-very very.good tᶿ‿ qʷayigən 1sɢ.ᴘᴏss‿ feel/think my‿feeling ‘I was so happy.’

[χʷʌ́ č ʔʋt θo ǰɩ́ƛʼǰɩ̀ƛʼ] x̣ʷət ‿č ‿ʔut extremely ‿1sɢ.ɪɴᴅᴄ.sʙᴊ ‿ᴄʟᴛ extremely‿I θu go go ǰəƛʼ-ǰəƛʼ ᴘʟ-run run.around ‘I was running around’

[tɑ́ʔgʌm] tagʼ-əm tell-ᴍᴅʟ tell ‘telling them (about the dinner).’

[yɛ́yɛɬʔʌ̀ms tᶿ číčiyɛʔòɬ ʔiy tᶿ kʷúkʷpɑ̀ʔoɬ qʷʋ́lʌs ʔɛ́ɬɛwtə̀n tə ms ʔɑyɛ́ʔ] ya-yaɬ-ʔəm-s ɪᴍᴘғ-call-ᴀ.ɪɴᴛʀ-3ᴘᴏss they.are.calling tᶿ‿ čičiya-ʔuɬ 1sɢ.ᴘᴏss‿ grandmother-ᴘᴀsᴛ my‿late.grandmother ʔiy and and tᶿ‿ kʷukʷpa-ʔuɬ 1sɢ.ᴘᴏss‿ grandfather-ᴘᴀsᴛ my‿late.grandfather qʷəl-as come-3ᴄɴᴊ.sʙᴊ they.would.come ʔiɬ<iw>tən food<ᴘʟ> eat tə‿ ms‿ ʔayaʔ ᴅᴇᴛ‿ 1ᴘʟ.ᴘᴏss‿ house our‿house ‘My grandmother and grandfather called to them (those on the other side of the reserve) to come eat at our house.’

[nóhotə̀m] nuh-u-t-əm gather.for.feast-ʟᴠ-ᴄᴛʀ-ᴘᴀss they.are.gathered.for.feast ‘They invited them to a feast.’

[tʌ́s kʷxʷ hós ǰúʔ ʔiˑ nɑː χʌ́nˑɑčxʷ ʔʋt] təs reach it.reaches kʷ‿ xʷ‿ hu-s ᴅᴇᴛ‿ ɴᴏᴍ‿ go-3ᴘᴏss the.time.of.their.going ǰuʔ home home ʔiy and and naʔa ғɪʟʟᴇʀ (umm) x̣ənat-t ‿čxʷ ‿ʔut give-ᴄᴛʀ ‿2sɢ.ɪɴᴅᴄ.sʙᴊ ‿ᴄʟᴛ give.them‿you ‘When it is time for them to go home, you should give them something’

[tɑ́ˑmʌs nɛ́ʔʌs kʷʋ θ ʔʌ́xʷǰɩmen] tam-as what-3ᴄɴᴊ.sʙᴊ whatever niʔ-as be.there-3ᴄɴᴊ.sʙᴊ if.there.is kʷə‿ θ‿ ʔəxʷǰəmin ᴅᴇᴛ‿ 2sɢ.ᴘᴏss‿ leftover your‿leftover ‘to take home if you have left over food,’

[mʌ́ǰɛθ ... tɑ́ˑmʌs ǰɛ́nxʷ] məǰaθ ... meat meat tam-as what-3ᴄɴᴊ.sʙᴊ whatever ǰanxʷ fish fish ‘meat ... or fish.’

[χʌ́nɑ čxʷ θó ʔot kʷínɑtʔèms hiː θòˑ ǰúʔ] x̣ənat-t ‿čxʷ give-ᴄᴛʀ ‿2sɢ.ɪɴᴅᴄ.sʙᴊ give.them‿you θu ‿ʔut go ‿ᴄʟᴛ go kʷinat-ʔ<i>m-s carry-ᴀ.ɪɴᴛʀ<sᴛᴠ>-3ᴘᴏss their.carrying hiy ?? θu go go ǰuʔ home home ‘You should give them something to take when they go home.’

[čʼɛ́hčʼɛhɑ čxʷ kʷʋ s qʷʋ́ls kʼʷʋ́θes] čʼah-čʼah-a-t ‿čxʷ ʀᴅᴘʟ-pray-ʟᴠ-ᴄᴛʀ ‿2sɢ.ɪɴᴅᴄ.sʙᴊ thank.them‿you kʷə‿ s‿ qʷəl-s ᴅᴇᴛ‿ ɴᴏᴍ‿ come-3ᴘᴏss that.they.come kʼʷə(n)-θi-s see-ᴄᴛʀ+2sɢ.ᴏʙᴊ-3ᴇʀɢ they.see.you ‘Thank them for coming to see you,’

[qʷʋ́lʼs ʔɛ́ɬtən qʼɑ́ːtʼᶿèt ʔʌ nɩ́gi] qʷəlʼ-s come-3ᴘᴏss their.gathering ʔiɬtən food eat qʼatʼᶿ-it gather-sᴛᴠ be.gathered ʔə‿ nəgi ᴏʙᴊ‿ 2sɢ.ɪɴᴅᴘ you ‘and for coming to eat with you.’

[hɛ́hɛw ʔɛ́ʔɑˑǰùsmotoɬ] hihiw very very.much ʔi-ʔaǰus-mut-uɬ ʀᴅᴘʟ-enjoy-very-ᴘᴀsᴛ it.was.fun ‘It used to be so much fun.’

[kʷíkʷɑ̀ːnɑč gʌ tə́mtuˑmɩš] kʷi-kʷanač ‿ga ᴘʟ-sit ‿ᴍᴛɢ they.are.sitting təm-tumiš ᴘʟ-man men ‘All the men would be sitting around,’

[tɑ́ːqʼʌ̀m] taqʼ-əm talk.about-ᴍᴅʟ they.talk ‘chatting away,’

[qʼʷɑ́qʼʷθə̀mʼ kʷut yɛ́ʔyɛθotèt] qʼʷaqʼʷθəmʼ ‿kʷut story ‿ᴄʟᴛ they.tell.stories ya-yʼa-θut-it ɪᴍᴘғ-do-ᴄᴛʀ+ʀғʟ-3ᴘʟ.ᴘᴏss their.doing ‘telling stories about whatever they were doing.’

[ʔiˑ nɑ́mʼ ʔot tə nʌ́gʌptì] ʔiy and and namʼ ‿ʔut similar ‿ᴄʟᴛ it.is.the.same tə‿ nəgəptiy ᴅᴇᴛ‿ women the‿women ‘And it would be the same for the women:’

[ʔúˑkʼʷ tɑ̀ˑm qʼʷɑ́qʼʷθɑ̀ʔmèt tɑ́nʼ] ʔuwkʼʷ all all tam what thing qʼʷaqʼʷθamʼ-it story-3ᴘʟ.ᴘᴏss their.telling.stories tanʼ ᴅᴇᴍ that ‘they would be talking about everything.’

[qʼʷɑ́qʼʷθòstɑ̀wɬ] qʼʷaqʼʷθus-t-awɬ tell.story-ᴄᴛʀ-ʀᴄᴘ they.tell.stories.to.each.other ‘They would be telling stories to each other’

[níniǰiˑ kʷ číˑčùyʼ] niniǰi about about kʷ‿ čəy-čuyʼ ᴅᴇᴛ ‿ᴘʟ-child children ‘about children.’

[tɑ́ytɑ̀ynòm gʌ kʷ číˑčùyʼ] taytay-nu-m ‿ga talk.about-ɴᴛʀ-ᴘᴀss ‿ᴍᴛɢ they.are.being.talked.about kʷ‿ čəy-čuyʼ ᴅᴇᴛ ‿ᴘʟ-child children ‘They would be talking about children.’

[χʷɛ́t ʔot hóy yɛ́ʔyɛθotʔòwɩt] x̣ʷit ‿ʔut really ‿ᴄʟᴛ really huy only it.is.only ya-yʼa-θut-ʔuw-it ɪᴍᴘғ-do-ᴄᴛʀ+ʀғʟ-ᴘᴀsᴛ-3ᴘʟ.ᴘᴏss what.they.were.used.to.be.doing ‘That is all they did.’

[xʷúkʷt ʔʌ kʷ gʌ̀t hóθosxʷùɬ kʷ ɬʌ́χ] xʷukʷt ɴᴇɢ none ʔə‿ kʷ‿ gət ᴏʙʟ‿ ᴅᴇᴛ‿ who who huθu-sxʷ-uɬ go-ᴄᴀᴜ-ᴘᴀsᴛ bring.along kʷ‿ ɬəx̣ ᴅᴇᴛ‿ bad bad ‘Nobody was doing anything bad—’

[gʌ hóθostɩ̀git kʷ šínʼ kʷ tɑ́ˑm ɬʌ́χ qʷóʔoˑqʷò] ga‿ huθu-stəg-it if‿ go-ᴄᴀᴜ-ᴘᴀss if‿it.was.brought.along kʷ‿ šinʼ ᴅᴇᴛ‿ ᴅᴇᴍ that kʷ‿ tam ᴅᴇᴛ‿ what what ɬəx̣ bad bad qʷuʔu-qʷu ᴘʟ-drink drinking ‘bad as in drinking or bringing along bad stuff.’

[xʷúkʷtmòtoɬ] xʷukʷt-mut-uɬ ɴᴇɢ-very-ᴘᴀsᴛ there.was.really.none ‘There was nothing like that.’

[pɑ́yɛ ʔot tʼᶿɑˑpʼɑw kʷut ʔúkʼʷ gʌ́tʌs pʼɑ́ˑpʼɛm] payaʔ ‿ʔut always ‿ᴄʟᴛ always tʼᶿapʼaw ‿kʷut busy ‿ᴄʟᴛ busy ʔuwkʼʷ all everybody gət-as who-3ᴄɴᴊ.sʙᴊ pʼapʼim work they.work ‘Everybody was always busy working.’

[xʷɑʔ čɛʔmʌs ʔiy θo tʼᶿɛtʼᶿɛyʔʌm kʷ tɑ́m nɑː] xʷaʔ ɴᴇɢ not čəmʼ-as why-3ᴄɴᴊ.sʙᴊ ʔiy and and θu go go tʼᶿi-tʼᶿiy-ʔəm ɪᴍᴘғ-search-ᴀ.ɪɴᴛʀ they.are.searching kʷ‿ tam ᴅᴇᴛ‿ what something naʔa ғɪʟʟᴇʀ (umm) ‘They would not go looking for anything’

[xʷɑʔ yʌ́qʼɛtʌs kʷ yɛ́ʔyɛθòt͡s] xʷaʔ ɴᴇɢ not yəqʼ-it-as use-sᴛᴠ-3ᴄɴᴊ.sʙᴊ it.is.useful kʷ‿ ya-yʼa-θut-s ᴅᴇᴛ‿ ɪᴍᴘғ-do-ᴄᴛʀ+ʀғʟ-3ᴘᴏss their.doing ‘that was not useful to them for what they were doing.’

List of abbreviations

Gloss Meaning